Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Genome-wide identification of thyroid hormone receptor targets in the remodeling intestine during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06679-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: The putative TREs in the candidate TR target genes can mediate transcriptional activation by T3 in frog oocytes. The luciferase reporter construct containing the TREs of Dot1L, MBD3, PPM1B, PGPEP1, JUNB, BEND7, respectively, was co-injected with the control Renilla luciferase construct phRG-TK into the nuclei of Xenopus oocytes with or without prior cytoplasmic injection of Xenopus laevis TRα and RXRα mRNAs or GFP mRNA as negative control. The oocytes were incubated at 18 °C overnight in the presence or absence of 100 nM T3 and then used for dual luciferase assays. The relative activities of the firefly luciferase to Renilla luciferase were plotted. Note that all the reporters responded to T3 in the presence of TR/RXR.

Article Snippet: The firefly luciferase reporter constructs containing Xenopus tropicalis Dot1L (Dot1-Like) promoter (pTRE(Dot1L)-luc or Xenopus tropicalis Dot1L promoter with a mutant TRE (pmTRE(Dot1L)-luc were made based on pGL4.10 firefly luciferase vector (Promega) as previously described , .

Techniques: Activation Assay, Luciferase, Construct, Injection, Control, Negative Control, Incubation

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: Ploidy and neuron size impact nervous system development and function in Xenopus

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.116969

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic showing different neuron size and shape parameters. (B) Two representative examples of reconstructed electroporation-labeled diploid and triploid neurons with right images showing higher magnification micrographs of their cell bodies. The reconstructions were rotated to show the longest axes of the neurons and, therefore, cell bodies are not in the same orientation. Immunostaining of a pan-neuronal marker, the RNA-binding Hu proteins HuC/D (yellow), was used to confirm the neuronal identity of the labeled neurons (magenta). Micrographs were taken at different laser settings, and their color channels were adjusted separately (see ). In the reconstructions: scale bars, 30 μm; color bars, segment mean diameter 0–3 μm. In the zoomed-in micrographs: scale bars, 10 μm; asterisks, cell body of the labeled, reconstructed neuron. See also for details on the polyploid Xenopus model. (C) Comparison of total neuron volume between diploid and triploid neurons. Numbers of diploid/triploid neurons measured were 26/17 in the forebrain, 4/8 in the midbrain, and 8/2 in the hindbrain. See also for Sholl analysis of these neurons. (D) Comparison of cell body and neurite volume. Dotted lines, 1- and 1.5-fold of diploid mean. (E–I) Comparison of various size parameters: total neurite length (E), maximum radius from the cell body (F), number of terminal points (G), maximum branch level (H), and mean neurite diameter (I). See also – . Only forebrain neurons were used for analyses (D)–(I). In (C)–(I), each dot represents one neuron. Crossbars denote mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001; ns, not significant; t test.

Article Snippet: Xenopus tropicalis , Nasco , Cat#: LM00822.

Techniques: Electroporation, Labeling, Immunostaining, Marker, RNA Binding Assay, Comparison

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: Ploidy and neuron size impact nervous system development and function in Xenopus

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.116969

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative z -projected micrographs of diploid and triploid brains at the indicated developmental stages. Stage 46 images were stitched from two overlapping tiles. F, forebrain; M, midbrain; H, hindbrain. Scale bars, 100 μm. (B) Aspect ratio of diploid and triploid brains at stage 46. Each dot represents one brain and a total of 30 diploid and 21 triploid brains from four independent clutches were examined. (C) Proportion of the indicated brain region in diploid and triploid brains at stage 46. A total of 18 diploid and 15 triploid brains from three independent clutches were examined. See also for data from different developmental stages. (D) Size (area) comparison of diploid and triploid brains across multiple developmental stages. Numbers of diploid/triploid brains examined were 9/9 at stage 40, 20/17 at stage 41/42, 24/26 at stage 43, 30/28 at stage 44, 19/18 at stage 45, and 24/21 at stage 46. Brains were from four independent clutches. Areas were normalized to adjust for clutch variance. See also for brain area comparison in later-stage tadpoles, and for brain height comparison, and and for how sex did not impact brain size. (E) Cell count normalized by volume in the indicated brain region in stage 46 diploid and triploid brains. Each dot represents imaging data from one brain. Eight brains per ploidy across three independent clutches were examined. Crossbars denote mean ± SEM. ** p < 0.01 and **** p < 0.0001; t test. (F) Flow-cytometry-based estimates of cell count per brain in diploid and triploid brains across multiple developmental stages. Each dot represents one pooled sample of approximately six brains. Data were smoothed with a linear model and presented as the mean ± 95% confidence interval. The dotted “diploid/1.5” line is a regression of diploid data scaled by a factor of 1/1.5. **** p < 0.0001; ns, not significant; ANCOVA. In (B)–(D), each dot represents one brain. Crossbars denote mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001; ns, not significant; t test. See also – for similar metrics in X. tropicalis .

Article Snippet: Xenopus tropicalis , Nasco , Cat#: LM00822.

Techniques: Comparison, Cell Characterization, Imaging, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: Ploidy and neuron size impact nervous system development and function in Xenopus

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.116969

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic summary: ploidy and neuron size impact nervous system development and function in Xenopus

Article Snippet: Xenopus tropicalis , Nasco , Cat#: LM00822.

Techniques: